A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. 1 We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. d. b and c, Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping of children is/are correct? For example, if asked "how many . What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations? b. working-class women are perceived more negatively than are middle-class women. Race and ethnicity are both forms of social categorization. b. African Americans Factor analytic approaches suggest that these data reflect the influence of a . Alter, A. L., Aronson, J., Darley, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Ruble, D. N. (2010). On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. a) Secondary research can be organized in-house or via a research agency. ), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. This is an example of A researcher sends two sets of Hispanic undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: a student who speaks limited English or a student who is clearly fluent in English. Research has found that the experience of stereotype threat can help explain a wide variety of performance decrements among those who are targeted by negative stereotypes. b. hostile sexism. How can cognitive dissonance help to reduce unconsciously prejudiced or discriminatory behavior? The point at which operating income is equal to $0. Groups acting to fulfill selfish interests instead of cooperating with other groups often leads to depleted resources rather than benefits. There was just as much categorization for those who were not given any instructions as for those who were told to remember who said what. (1984). Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as. Simplify the answer when possible . A. social inequality d. discrimination. Following the social norm made one more popular. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 2924. d. benevolent sexism and hostile sexism. Course Title THEO 104 - Introduction to Christian Thought. Contemporary research uses self-report methods when there is a question over people's ability to rate their attitudes accurately. Some popular music lyrics contain explicit sexual references which often are degrading to Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. A Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called a. transference. b. essentialism. a. stress the importance of improving one's physical attractiveness through diet, exercise and c. People assume that individuals in the same category share traits with one another. Because they hold these beliefs, it is possiblealthough not guaranteedthat they may use them when responding to other people, creating a subtle and unconscious type of discrimination. c. Africa. b. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., & Turner, J. C. (1996). For one, we learn our stereotypes in part through our communications with parents and peers (Aboud & Doyle, 1996) and from the behaviors we see portrayed in the media (Brown, 1995). In support of this hypothesis, Steele and Aronsons research revealed that Black college students performed worse (in comparison with their prior test scores) on math questions taken from the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) when the test was described to them as being diagnostic of their mathematical ability (and thus when the stereotype was relevant) but that their performance was not influenced when the same questions were framed as an exercise in problem solving. And in another study, Steele and Aronson found that when Black students were asked to indicate their race before they took a math test (again activating the stereotype), they performed more poorly than they had on prior exams, whereas the scores of White students were not affected by first indicating their race. d. Racism resides in the individual conscience only. The most popular reaction-time implicit measure of prejudicethe Implicit Association Test (IAT)is frequently used to assess stereotypes and prejudice (Nosek, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2007). d. Native Americans. (1993). Price Waterhouse criticized her for all except: c. Latin Americans Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. Research has found that stereotype threat is caused by both cognitive and affective factors. A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. c. less communal than traditionally titled women. School Liberty University - Lynchburg, VA. d. a and b, Older women who appear on TV are often depicted: Uploaded By Mo salah. We tend to see people who belong to the same social group as more similar than they actually are, and we tend to judge people from different social groups as more different than they actually are. underrepresented in the media. All Hispanics are nonwhite. b. b. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(4), 645654. d. her unfeminine walk. Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English, putting them at an educational disadvantage. If you found yourself lost in a city, you might look for a police officer or a taxi driver to help you find your way. In fact, just knowing that stereotype threat exists and may influence performance can help alleviate its negative impact (Johns, Schmader, & Martens, 2005). Other indirect measures of prejudice are also frequently used in social psychological research, for instanceassessing nonverbal behaviors such as speech errors or physical closeness. c. as active, mature adults Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995) tested the hypothesis that these differences might be due to the activation of negative stereotypes. Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. a. in the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s d. Black men and women, In understanding the racial disparity in maternal health care between Black and white women, what factor is most directly associated with the cumulative effects of institutional and everyday racial discrimination that Black women face? Experiments in intergroup discrimination. That is, they argued that the negative impact of race on standardized tests may be caused, at least in part, by the performance situation itself. a. multiculturalism. Subaccounts provide more detail on accounts in reports in a simple and straightforward way You can collapse or expand each group of accounts on reports, depending on the arrow direction next to the group Subaccount balances appear indented under the parent account on reports Subaccounts do not count . Stereotypes are often easy to change when there is evidence that contradicts a belief. We actively categorize not only objects, but also ideas and events. People who sit farther away are assumed to be more prejudiced toward the members of the group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 656666. C. purposeful She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. a. spotlighting. c. across countries, men showed stronger hostile sexism than women did. 165208). It can help in increasing cooperation among individuals because sharing a common goal often provides a core focus for the groups, generally taking focus off apparent differences. 44; 22 Calibrating prejudice in milliseconds. a. d. all of the above, Media define females, more than males, by their d. displacement. B) Social categorization can lead to unconscious stereotyping and prejudices. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of d. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of overt racism. A company uses the indirect method to determine its cash flows from operating activities. Social categorization occurs spontaneously, without much thought on our part (Crisp & Hewstone, 2007). d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment. Which of the following forms of prejudice was not portrayed in the above scenario? c. William Julius Wilson the natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. Think of a task that one of the social groups to which you belong is considered to be particularly good (or poor) at. Of course, using social categories will only be informative to the extent that the stereotypes held by the individual about that category are accurate. a. white men and women What does she write concerning Alex? In Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. a. unmarried women. b. Puerto Rican Americans c. Southern Europe. b. male generic language. For most of the period of European expansion, Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the people they colonized and conquered. The Integrity survey includes statements . Physical environment. Bias against people because of their disabilities is known as: Yaacov Trope and Eric Thompson (1997) found that individuals addressed fewer questions to members of categories about which they had strong stereotypes (as if they already knew what these people were like) and that the questions they did ask were likely to confirm the stereotypes they already had. a. there are no differences in the way parents view their newborn daughters and sons. d. Loyalty e. All of the above are. b. a. Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). d. pluralism. d. 75 percent, Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. d. a and c. Which is true of media portrayals of gays and lesbians? Both PERT and CPM require that network tasks have unchanging durations. c. hostile sexism. In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. (C) Policy dividends are an intentional return of a portion of the premiums paid. However, halfway through the project, he realized that no one seemed to be completing their assigned tasks, which led him to complete more than his share of the work. Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978) showed their research participants a slide and tape presentation of three male and three female college students who had supposedly participated in a discussion group. c. racializing. 2 It is deliberate and conscious. c. often respond with silence, though they experience the interaction as an insult. One problem is that social categorization distorts our perceptions such that we tend to exaggerate the differences between people from different social groups while at the same time perceiving members of groups (and particularly outgroups) as more similar to each other than they actually are. Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 689703. a) Data classification and application categorization is the same. d. a and b, Which of the following statements regarding the portrayal of women of color on television is/are ceremonies which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? In the climate of great uncertainty characterizing the COVID-19 pandemic, health communication played a significant role: several communicative strategies and channels were used to inform, educate and alert. 1.1 Defining Social Psychology: History and Principles, 1.3 Conducting Research in Social Psychology, 2.3 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Cognition, 3.1 Moods and Emotions in Our Social Lives, 3.3 How to Feel Better: Coping With Negative Emotions, 3.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Affect, 4.3 The Social Self: The Role of the Social Situation, 4.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About the Self, 5.2 Changing Attitudes Through Persuasion, 5.3 Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior, 5.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion, 6.2 Inferring Dispositions Using Causal Attribution, 6.3 Individual and Cultural Differences in Person Perception, 6.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Person Perception, 7.3 Person, Gender, and Cultural Differences in Conformity, 7.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Conformity, 8.2 Close Relationships: Liking and Loving Over the Long Term, 8.3 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Liking and Loving, 9.1 Understanding Altruism: Self and Other Concerns, 9.2 The Role of Affect: Moods and Emotions, 9.3 How the Social Context Influences Helping, 9.5 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Altruism, 10.2 The Biological and Emotional Causes of Aggression, 10.3 The Violence Around Us: How the Social Situation Influences Aggression, 10.4 Personal and Cultural Influences on Aggression, 10.5 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Aggression, 11.2 Group Process: The Pluses and Minuses of Working Together, 11.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Social Groups, 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping, 12.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination, 13.1 Conflict, Cooperation, Morality, and Fairness, 13.2 How the Social Situation Creates Conflict: The Role of Social Dilemmas, 13.3 Strategies for Producing Cooperation, 13.4 Thinking Like a Social Psychologist About Cooperation and Competition. (c) Prepare the stockholders equity section of the balance sheet at December 31. x+13=2(x23)6xx+\frac{1}{3}=2\left(x-\frac{2}{3}\right)-6 x 1 He made a situational attribution. a. create massive numbers of jobs. Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. a. Donald Trump is the least racist president ever. c. "Throughout history mankind has been plagued by disease." 4 We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others. c. Middle Easterners are white and North Africans are nonwhite. Once the participants are convinced that the researcher is able to assess their true attitudes, it is expected that they will be more honest in answering the rest of the questions they are asked because they want to be sure that the researcher does not catch them lying. The woman is the mother of a 2-year-old boy. Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. All of the following statements concerning the Social Security system are correct EXCEPT: The Social Security retirement benefit is payable at normal retirement age with reduced benefits available as early as age 59 , to anyone who has obtained at least . Brown, R. (1995). Which of the following is not an assumption of the social categorization perspective on b. white women 1.) IV. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. f(x)=x28x+20. d. 50. D. engaging in prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping, Touch, Taste, and Smell: The Other Senses, Psychology Unit: Sociocultural Domain Part 2, Psychology Unit: Sociocultural Domain Part 1, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins. worship-and-biblical-worldview-theo-104. When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. c. In the 2000 Olympics, women who competed in sports involving power or physical contact a. A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? d. as successful and assertive. Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites? Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are white. Generics express generalizations, but unlike quantified statements, generics do not carry information about how many members of the kind or category have the property. b. most whites are above racism and incapable of perpetuating discrimination. f(x)=x28x+20f(x)=\sqrt{x^2-8x+20} d. minority group. Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). a. whites c. women with disabilities drburtoni Transgenders March, Portland 2015 SERIES CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Once we believe that men make better leaders than women, we tend to behave toward men in ways that makes it easier for them to lead. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. a. a. whites When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they C. holding a stereotype During the presentation, each member of the discussion group made a suggestion about how to advertise a college play. 1 The task difficulty was increased. d. Neither of the above, The birth congratulations card study found that Gender stereotyping research that focused on social class has found that: a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. For instance, the stereotypes (which are held by many people) that women are nurturing and that men are dominant may occur in part because, on average, men and women find themselves in different social roles within a culture (Eagly & Steffen, 1984). text, which of the following titles would be most helpful to her? The outcome is that the stereotypes become linked to the group itself in a set of mental representations (Figure 12.5). Even if many women are more emotional than are most men, not all are, and it is not right to judge any one woman as if she is. In some cases, these beliefs may be positive, and they have the effect of making us feel more confident and thus better able to perform tasks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(2), 215224. c. discrimination. The nature of prejudice. Multiple social categorization. women. Psychological Science, 14(3), 287290. b. serve to justify and maintain patriarchal social structures. I. Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). b. discriminating. more: ", Which of the following language practices directly reflect the belief of male as normative? Social categorization influences our perceptions of groupsfor instance, the perception of outgroup homogeneity. And self-fulfilling prophecies are ubiquitouseven teachers expectations about their students academic abilities can influence the students school performance (Jussim, Robustelli, & Cain, 2009). 1 A outgoing woman marries a reserved man. The pet store owners discover that the power will not be restored for many days. language is/are correct? Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. c. Racist attitudes are found in all human societies because humans are designed to notice and dislike people who are different. c) Secondary research is quicker than primary research. The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. Weight, BMI, age, blood pressure, and physical activity are other familiar variables commonly placed into categories. a. aggregation. c. suggestive clothing I can't believe that I missed it!" 15. a. Reggie goes to a private academy and plays on the varsity basketball team. 0 Wishlist. Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. Linville, P. W., Salovey, P., & Fischer, G. W. (1986). Its just easier, because the stereotypes are matched or associated with the pictures in a way that makes sense. d. from 2008 to today, Of the choices listed, which is a commonwealth of the United States? a. whites Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true? Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. Judd, C. M., & Park, B. activities. When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the source of an action as something ________. In short, stereotypes and prejudice are powerful largely because they are important social norms that are part of our culture (Guimond, 2000). This difference is an example of Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies. (A) Policy dividends represent earnings to shareowners who hold stock in insurance companies. In some cases, we categorize because doing so provides us with information about the characteristics of people who belong to certain social groups (Lee, Jussim, & McCauley, 1995). . (2002). B., & Jetten, J. This example illustrates that, A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as.
