Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Feature Flags: { Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. "useRatesEcommerce": false In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. Formed in 1075, Mapungubwe was a renowned trading city linking Africa, Asia, and Europe. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. That's a bold claim. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Its a MYTH. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. What area? Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. followed by the recent Bantu expansion separating the two regions.One . [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. . We won't share your contact details with anyone. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Roberts, A. D. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. The Bantu Expansion the migration of Bantu-speaking people across the African continent is one of Ancient historys largest migrations. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. } It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. . [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. Upon the death of his illegitimate father, the king of the minor Zulu clan, Shaka seized the ascension, killing all rivals, after which he began to build a society forged by war and bloodshed. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire.
